Procedures

This population-based, cross-sectional study using a nationwide, systemic, stratified, multistage, clustered sampling method included a total of 3625 subjects aged 12–19 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012. All participants underwent ophthalmic examination and a standardized interview including average sleep duration (hr/day), education, physical activity and economic status (annual household income). Refractive error was measured by autorefraction without cycloplegia. Myopia and high myopia were defined as ??0.50 dioptres (D) and ??6.0 D, respectively. Sleep durations were classified into 5 categories: <5, 6, 7, 8 and >9 hr.

Efficiency

The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 77.8% and 9.4%, respectively, and the overall sleep duration was 7.1 hr/day. The refractive error increased by 0.10 D per 1 hr increase in sleep after adjusting for potential confounders including sex, age, height, education level, economic status and physical activity. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for refractive error was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–0.97) per 1 hr increase in sleep. The adjusted OR for myopia was decreased in those with >9 hr of sleep (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38–0.93; p for trend = 0.006) than in those with <5 hr of sleep. However, high myopia was not associated with sleep duration.

Findings

This study gets the people-built, epidemiologic evidence for an inverse relationship between sleep cycle and you can myopia for the a realtor populace out-of Korean kids.

Inclusion

Myopia is one of the most common ocular problems about artwork interference worldwide (Morgan mais aussi al. 2012 ). The fresh prevalence of myopia is actually increasing during the an epidemic price, especially in East Asia and you may Southern area-Eastern Asia, and more much slower when you look at the America, Europe, Israel and you will Australia (Morgan & Flower 2013 ). The expense associated with visual handicap on account of myopia are correction of refractive error through glasses, lenses and refractive businesses. As well, this new comorbidities and you can pathological outcomes with the large myopia can result inside significant death of vision and also loss of sight (Morgan ainsi que al. 2012 ). Discover subsequent social can cost you in terms of loss of returns of the myopia. For this reason, discover an expanding dependence on methods to prevent the beginning and progression of myopia.

Exposure affairs for myopia was basically extensively examined inside prior epidemiologic studies (Pan et al. 2012 ). Near work, training, many years, financial condition and you may level have been appear to considered to be relevant having myopia (Zhang et al. 2011 ; ). Recently, an elevated level of outdoor day try demonstrated to have a good protective perception facing myopia growth in one another get across-sectional degree (Rose et al. 2008a , b ) and longitudinal degree (Jones et al. 2007 ; Jones-Michael jordan mais aussi al. 2011 ; Guggenheim et al. 2012 ). Two input research has stated decrease when you look at the myopia by the broadening day external (Wu et al. 2013 ), and you can a good about three-12 months college or university-centered intervention also offers advertised positive effects (Guggenheim ainsi que al. 2012 ). It was postulated that increased sunrays strength outdoors grows dopamine release about retina, and therefore reduces attention growth, and this hypothesis has been confirmed when you look at the a series of laboratory education for the fresh myopia dogs (Gao et al. 2005 ; McCarthy ainsi que al. 2007 ; Stone ainsi que al. 2007 ; Feldkaemper & https://datingranking.net/nl/localmilfselfies-overzicht/ Schaeffel 2013 ).

I’ve before claimed the brand new extremely high incidence away from myopia and you may high myopia within the more youthful populations inside metropolitan (Seoul, 96.5% and you can 21.6%, respectively) and you will outlying (Jeju, 83.3% and you can six.8%, respectively) parts from inside the South Korea ( ). More over, i’ve claimed the new quick secular alterations in the new frequency from myopia in the a realtor Korean human population (Kim ainsi que al. 2013a ). This type of changes are most likely of severe studies challenges for the Korean college students, while the Korean youngsters are among the higher artists regarding all over the world PISA surveys out-of school abilities (Morgan & Flower 2013 ). Especially in the adolescent ages, Korean adolescents are also advertised to own sleep deficiency, particularly in this new senior years out of high school (Yang mais aussi al. 2005 ; Rhie et al. 2011 ). We therefore hypothesized you to definitely lack of sleep ined that it theory playing with representative society-created studies regarding Korean NHANES education.